Hello I am an Object 👋

Questions 🤔

What is this? hows that work?
Why do we bind this keyword in react application?
we use class-based components we need to bind this keyword to the class. Because the method we are passing to the Event Handler is invoked in the global environment where this keyword refers to the window object
How does object work in javascript?
How to make an object property undeletable?
const vs Object.freeze()
What are the different ways to clone an object?
Shortcut method to declare an object
What are the different ways to access object properties
Object.is() vs ===
What are the different ways to check the existence of object property
How do you loop over Objects
Object to primitive conversion

What the hell is `this` 😨

In a simple word this is the object that is executing in the current context.

Not understanding it right! let me tell you in this way.

Lets say this in module 2 is quite interesting it contains quite a lot of crazy pieces of stuff. In a statement this is referring to the module 2 which means module 2 is my current context. Now I hope you got some hint 😊

Remember

The value of this will differ in how a function is invoked. So it's hard to judge the value of this

There are 5 thumb rule for this which decide the value of this object

Simple Function Call
Implicit Binding
new Binding
Explicit Binding
Arrow function

1. Simple Function Call

If this is part of regular / Simple function then this will refer to window object in browser and global object in the node

function playSong() {
  console.log(this);
}

playSong(); // Window {parent: Window, opener: null, top: Window, length: 2, frames: Window, …}

2. Implicit Binding

If the function is part of an object (We call it as a method) this will refer to the same function

const marvel = {
  hero: "Hulk",
  heroName() {
    console.log(this);
  }
};

// Referring to an object
marvel.heroName(); // {hero: "Hulk", heroName: ƒ}  

We can also extend the object by adding the new method but still this will refer to the same object

const marvel = {
  hero: "Hulk",
  heroName() {
    console.log(this);
  }
};

// Referring to an object
marvel.heroName(); // {hero: "Hulk", heroName: ƒ}  

marvel.favAttack = function() {
  console.log(this); // {hero: "Hulk", heroName: ƒ, favAttack: f}  
}

Let's see one more example

let song = {
  song: 'Seven Nation Army',
  fileType: ['mp3', 'mpeg', 'mp4'],
  play() {
    this.fileType.forEach(function(arg) {
      console.log(this.song + " -> " + arg) // trying to print song name and fileType
    })
  }
}

song.play(); // undefined -> mp3, undefined -> mpeg, undefined -> mp4

If you see the above example I got undefined why is that? 😢

Answer is we have forEach loop inside the play() and only play() method is member of song object where as forEach is member of global/window object

let song = {
  song: 'Seven Nation Army',
  fileType: ['mp3', 'mpeg', 'mp4'],
  play() {
    this.fileType.forEach(function(arg) {
      console.log(this) // Window {parent: Window, opener: null, top: Window, length: 2, frames: Window, …}
    })
  }
}

song.play(); // Window {parent: Window, opener: null, top: Window, length: 2, frames: Window, …}

To solve that what we can do is, Since forEach accept callback method and thisArg we can pass the this object to solve our problem

let song = {
  song: 'Seven Nation Army',
  fileType: ['mp3', 'mpeg', 'mp4'],
  play() {
    this.fileType.forEach(function(arg) {
      console.log(this.song + " -> " + arg) 
    }, this) // we passed `this` i.e song object
  }
}

song.play(); // Seven Nation Army -> mp3, Seven Nation Army -> mpeg, Seven Nation Army -> mp4

3. `new` binding / Constructor function

If we create an object for a constructor function using a new keyword this will refer to the construction function instead of the global/window object.

This is because when we use the new keyword it will create an object {} and bind the function property that we defined

function SpaceOrganization(organization) {
  this.organization = organization;
  console.log(this);
}

var org = new SpaceOrganization('ISRO  🛰 🚀'); // SpaceOrganization {organization: "ISRO  🛰 🚀"}

In the above example, it created an empty object i.e {} and bind organization into that

4. Explicit Binding

We can explicitly tell the JS engine to set this to point to a certain value using call, apply or bind.

call and apply can be used to invoke a function with a specific value for this

let marvel = {
  hero: "Hulk"
};

function heroName() {
  console.log(this);
}

// Referring to an object
heroName.call(marvel); // {hero: "Hulk"}

heroName.apply(marvel); // {hero: "Hulk"}

Both call and apply accomplish the same purpose. The first arg is the object which it wants to refer in out case marvel

bind is used to create a new function that’s permanently bound to this value.

let marvel = {
  hero: "Hulk"
};

function heroName() {
  console.log(this);
}

let myHero = heroName.bind(marvel);
myHero(); // {hero: "Hulk"}

Strict mode `use strict` and `this`

this work differently in strict mode use strict

5. Arrow function / Lexical environment

Before arrow functions, every new function defined its own this value based on how the function was called but Arrow functions do not have their own this value

With an arrow functions, this keeps the same value as its parent scope i.e and Object space

let space = {
 org: "ISRO 🛰 🚀",
 SpaceOrganization() {
  console.log(this.org);
 },
  NationalSpaceOrg: () => {
    console.log(this.org);
   }
};
space.SpaceOrganization(); //ISRO  🛰 🚀
space.NationalSpaceOrg(); // SpaceOrganization {organization: "ISRO  🛰 🚀"}

Object

Everything in javascript is Objects and Primitive.

We have seen lots of example with respect to object and there are multiple ways to create objects

// Simple object creation
let myHero  = { hero: "Iron Man" };

// Creating object with accessor
let myHero;
myHero.hero = "Iron Man";

// using new keyword
function myHero (){}
var mySuperHero = new myHero();
mySuperHero.Name = "Iron Man";

Shorthand technique to declare an Object

If we want to create an object with the same key then we can declare something like this

let bike = "KTM";
let car  = "Camaro";
let airplane = "Boeing 777";

let vehicle = {
  bike,
  car,
  airplane,
}

console.log(vehicle); //{bike: "KTM", car: "Camaro", airplane: "Boeing 777"}

Technique to deep cloning an object 🧑🏻‍🤝‍🧑🏻

Cloning an object without disturbing the original one is a bit crazy in javascript

let myHero  = { hero: "Iron Man" };
console.log(myHero); // hero: "Iron Man" }

let superHero = myHero;
superHero.hero = "Thor";
console.log(myHero); // hero: "Thor" }

If you see above sample code, if I change cloned object even the original object gets affected this is because of both object is referring to the same address in the memory, even if we loop through and put property into the item will not solve our problem

Object Behavior

A loop that copies each property to a new object would only copy enumerable properties on the object. Enumerable properties are properties that will show up in for loops and Object.keys.
The copied object has a new Object.prototype method, which is not what you want when you copy an object.
If your object has a property that is an object, your copied object will refer to the original instead of creating an actual copy. This means that if you change that nested object in the copied object, the original gets changed as well.
Any property descriptors are not copied. If you set things like configurable or writable to false, the property descriptors in the copied object will default to true.

to avoid that we have multiple solutions those are like below

🔸 Object.assign

new static method on the Object constructor: Object.assign. This new method allows us to easily copy values from one object to another.

let marvelHero = { name: "Captain America" };

let clone = Object.assign({}, marvelHero);

console.log(Object.is(clone, marvelHero)); // false

Remember

only an object's enumerable properties will be copied over with Object.assign.

🔸 Using third party lib

Using Lodash Clone And Clonedeep

const clone = require('lodash/clone'); 
const cloneDeep = require('lodash/clonedeep');

let heo  = { hero: "Iron Man" };
let marvel = { villain: "Thanos", hero: hero };

const marvelShallowCopy = clone(marvel);
marvelShallowCopy.villain = "Ultron";

console.log(marvelShallowCopy.villain); // Ultron
console.log(marvel.villain); // Thanos

const marvelDeepCopy = clonedeep(marvel);
marvelDeepCopy.villain = "Ultron";

console.log(marvelDeepCopy.villain); // Ultron
console.log(marvel.villain); // Thanos

Technique to check the existence of object property

🔸 hasOwnProperty()

const hero = {
  name: 'Batman'
};

hero.hasOwnProperty('name');     // true
hero.hasOwnProperty('realName'); // false

🔸 `in` operator

const hero = {
  name: 'Batman'
};

'name' in hero;     // true
'realName' in hero; // false

🔸 Comparing with undefined

const hero = {
  name: 'Batman'
};

hero.name;     //  'Batman'
hero.realName; //  undefined

hero.name !== undefined;     // true
hero.realName !== undefined; // false

Type of Object Properties

🔸 Data Properties

A very common most widely used way

let google = { ceo: "Sundar Pichai" };
// Here ceo is data property 

🔸 Accessor Properties

These properties can be understood as getter and setter similar to other modern programming languages

// Traditional way
let google = { ceo: "Sundar Pichai" }; 
console.log(google.ceo) // Sundar Pichai

// With getter
let google = {get ceo() { return "Sundar Pichai"}};
console.log(google.ceo) // Sundar Pichai

let google = {
  name: "Sundar Pichai",
  get ceo() {
     return name;
     },
  set ceo(name) {
     this.name = name;
  }
};

google.ceo = "Abhin Pai";
console.log(google.name); // Abhin Pai

If we try to set a name in an object in which we declared get than new value is can not set and vice versa

let google = {
  name: "Sundar Pichai",
  get ceo() {
     return name;
     }
};

google.ceo = "Abhin Pai";
console.log(google.name); // "Sundar Pichai";
// Value is not set to Abhin Pai

Conventional private property

let google = {
  get ceo() {
     return _name;
     }, 
  set ceo(name) {
     this._name = name;
  }
};

google._name = "Abhin Pai";
console.log(google._name); // "Abhin Pai";

🔸 Computed Properties

Computed Property Names” feature allows you to have an expression (a piece of code that results in a single value like a variable or function invocation) be computed as a property name on an object.

function myLog (key, message) {
  return {
    [key]: message
  }
}

myLog("randomKey", "Hello Pai"); // {"randomKey": "Hello Pai"} 

Computed Properties is very helpful when we want to generate a random key for an object

Object Property Descriptors

Every key in an object will have Property Attribute that defines the characteristics of the value associated with the key. They can also be thought of as meta-data describing the key-value pair. In short, attributes are used to define and explain the state of object properties.

There are total 6 property attribute

🔸 [[Value]]

It stores the value retrieved by getting access to the property. This means that when we do object.x in the above example, we retrieve its [[Value]] attribute. Any dot-access or square-bracket access of a Data property will work in this way.

🔸 [[Get]]

It stores the reference to the function that we declare while making a getter property.

🔸 [[Set]]

It stores the reference to the function that we declare while making a setter property.

🔸 [[Writable]]

This is a boolean value. It tells whether we can overwrite the value or not. If false, attempts to change the property’s value will not succeed.

🔸 [[Enumerable]]

This is also a boolean value. This attribute dictates whether the property is going to appear in for-in loops or not. If true, the for-in loop will be able to iterate on this property.

🔸 [[Configurable]]

This is a boolean too. when its false following things will take place

delete property is not possible
Converting a Data Property to be an Accessor Property or vice-versa will fail
It will also prevent further changing the values of the attributes. That is, the current values of enumerable, configurable, get, or set will become fixed.
When the property is a Data Property, you can only set writable from true to false.
Before writable becomes false, you can also change its [[Value]] attribute. However, once writable is false, and configurable is false too, the property becomes unwritable, undeletable, and unchangeable.

All six properties do not exist for each property type.

For Data Properties, only value, writable, enumerable and configurable exists.
For Accessor Properties, instead of value and writable, we have get and set.

Why have we wrapped the attribute names in [[]] 🤷🏻

Double square brackets mark internal properties used by the ECMA specifications. These are properties that JS programmer cannot touch directly from within the code. To manipulate internal properties, we’d need to use methods provided to us by the language.

Working with Descriptors 🛠

🔸 Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors

This method returns either undefined or an object containing the descriptors

let myBio = { nationality: 'Indian' };
Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(myBio)

/* {
  configurable: true
  enumerable: true
  value: "Indian"
  writable: true
} */

🔸 Object.defineProperty

It’s a static method on Object that can define or modify a new property on a given object. It takes three arguments — the object, the property name, and descriptors. It returns the modified object.

const myBio = {};

Object.defineProperty(myBio, 'age', {
  value: 24
});

console.log(myBio); //  { }

console.log(myBio.age); // 24

Object.defineProperty(myBio, 'name', {
  value: 'Abhin Pai',
  writable: false,
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});

console.log(myBio.name); // Abhin Pai

myBio.name = "Pai";

console.log(myBio.name); // Abhin Pai its not updated because writable is false

Protecting an Object 🔐

We may find a use case to avoid tempering our object and JS have the flexibility to do so with these following methods

🔸 Object.preventExtensions

The Object.preventExtensions method prevents new properties from ever being added to an object. It takes an object and makes it non-extensible

let myBio = { name: 'Abhin Pai' };
Object.preventExtensions(myBio);
obj.name = 'Pai';
console.log(myBio.name); // Abhin Pai

🔸 Object.seal

The seal method seals an object which It prevents new properties from being added just like Object.preventExtensions.

It marks all existing properties as non-configurable
Values of present properties can still be changed as long as they are writable.
In short, it prevents adding and/or removing properties.

let myBio = { name: 'Abhin Pai' };
Object.seal(myBio);
delete obj.name; // doesn't work

🔸 Object.freeze

provide maximum protection any object can have in JavaScript. Internally it seals the object using Object.Seal

It also prevents modifying any existing properties at all.
It also prevents the descriptors from being changed as the object is already sealed.

let myBio = { name: 'Abhin Pai' };
Object.freeze(myBio);
delete obj.name; // doesn't work

	Create	Read	Update	Delete
Object.freeze	❌	✅	❌	❌
Object.seal	❌	✅	✅	❌
Object.preventExtension	❌	✅	✅	✅

info

const makes the variable binding immutable but its value can still be modified. Object.freeze() ignores the value modification to an object but there is no restriction on the binding.

Other Object Methods

🔸 Object.Keys

The Object.keys static method returns an array with the property keys on an object. This method can be really useful in allowing to use a for…of loop over an object

const sports = {
  basketBall: '⛹🏻‍♂️',
  swimming: '🏊🏻‍♀️',
  cycling: '🚴🏻‍♂️',
  golf: '🏌🏻‍♀️'
}

console.log(Object.keys(sports)); // ["basketBall", "swimming", "cycling", "golf"]


//Loop through object keys
for (let k of Object.keys(myObj)) {
  console.log(`Hey ${ myObj[k] }!`);
}

Note that in the array returned from Object.keys, the keys won't necessarily be in order.

🔸 Object.values

Object.values takes an object and returns an array with the values, in the same order that a for…in loop would give us

const sports = {
  basketBall: '⛹🏻‍♂️',
  swimming: '🏊🏻‍♀️',
  cycling: '🚴🏻‍♂️',
  golf: '🏌🏻‍♀️'
}

const allSports = Object.values(sports); 
console.log(allSports) // ["⛹🏻‍♂️", "🏊🏻‍♀️", "🚴🏻‍♂️", "🏌🏻‍♀️"]

🔸 Object.is

Object.is() behaves almost same way as ===

007 === 007;    // => true
007 === '007';  // => false
007 === true; // => false

Object.is(007, 007);    // => true
Object.is(007, '007');  // => false
Object.is(007, true); // => false

Object.is(arg1, arg2) checks the arguments for equality the same way as the strict equality operator, but with the 2 differences.

Firstly, NaN equals to another NaN value

Object.is(NaN, NaN); // true
Object.is(NaN, 007);   // false

Object.is() makes the distinction between -0 and +0

Object.is(-0, +0); // false

🔸 Object.entries

Object.entries returns an array with arrays of key-value pairs

const sports = {
  basketBall: '⛹🏻‍♂️',
  swimming: '🏊🏻‍♀️',
  cycling: '🚴🏻‍♂️',
  golf: '🏌🏻‍♀️'
}
const entries = Object.entries(sports); 
console.log(entries); // [["basketBall", "⛹🏻‍♂️"],["swimming", "🏊🏻‍♀️"],["cycling", "🚴🏻‍♂️"], ["golf", "🏌🏻‍♀️"]]

🔸 Object.isExtensible

Helps to check whether the object is non-extensible or not If it returns true, you can add more properties to the object.

null Propagation Operator / Optional Chaining `?.`

Ensuring any object or variable is contain any value or not is the primary focus area of any developer to get rid of application crashing. To rescue that 'null Propagation Operator' is a savior else we need to check each and every element explicitly

const marvel = {
  movie: {
    infinityWar: {
      character1: "Iron Man",
      character2: "Captain America",
      character3: null,
    },
  },
};

// Traditional Way for null check
let character =
  marvel &&
  marvel.movie &&
  marvel.movie.infinityWar &&
  marvel.movie.infinityWar.character1; // Oops complex logic 😪

// Smart way with Optional Chaining
let character = marvel?.movie?.infinityWar?.character1; // Awesome thats soo simple 🤩

lodash can also help to solve this problem, with less unwanted complexity

import { get } from 'lodash'
const character = get(marvel, ['movie', 'infinityWar', 'character1'])

The optional chaining ?. stops the evaluation and returns undefined if the part before ?. is undefined or null.

We should use `?.` only where it’s ok that something doesn’t exist.

For example, if according to our coding logic movie and infinity war object must be there, but the character(s) is optional, then marvel.movie.infinityWar?.character1 would be better.

So, if a user happens to be undefined due to a mistake, we’ll know about it and fix it. Otherwise, coding errors can be silenced were not appropriate, and become more difficult to debug.

Tips 😉

Optional chaining also works with functions and square brackets.

obj?.[prop] – returns obj[prop] if obj exists, otherwise undefined
obj?.method() – calls obj.method() if obj exists, otherwise returns undefined

Null coalescing operator `??`

The null coalescing operator returns its right-hand-side operand when its left-hand-side operand is null or undefined, and otherwise returns its left-hand-side operand.

// Traditional way to check falsy value and executing a logic
let developer1 = undefined;
let developer2 = "Frontend Developer";

let result = (developer1 !== null && developer1 !== undefined) ?
    developer1 :
    developer2;
console.log(`Nullish coalescing results in: ${result}`);

// Shorthand solution with Null coalescing operator ??
let developer1 = undefined;
let developer2 = "Frontend Developer";

let result = developer1 ?? developer2;
console.log(`Nullish coalescing results in: ${result}`);

Things to remember

This is a recent addition to Javascript. Old browsers may need polyfills.
nullish coalescing will not threat falsy values

Operator `||` to support `??`

The OR || operator can be used in the same way as ??. We can replace ?? with ||

The important difference is that:

|| returns the first truthy value
?? returns the first defined value

let githubStar = 0; // 

console.log(githubStar || 100); // 100
console.log(githubStar ?? 100); // 0

`typeOf` and `instanceOf`

These operators are used to check the in which family that instance belongs to

🔸 `typeOf`

typeOf is a unary operator that returns a string indicating the type of the unevaluated operand.

Use typeOf operator for built-in types (primitive and objects)

'Frontend Developer' instanceof String; // false
typeof 'Frontend Developer' == 'string'; // true

'Frontend Developer' instanceof Object; // false
typeof 'Frontend Developer' == 'object'; // false

true instanceof Boolean; // false
typeof true == 'boolean'; // true

99.99 instanceof Number; // false
typeof 99.99 == 'number'; // true

function() {} instanceof Function; // true
typeof function() {} == 'function'; // true

🔸 `instanceOf`

instanceOf is a binary operator, accepting an object and a constructor. It returns a boolean indicating whether or not the object has the given constructor in its prototype chain.

Use instanceOf for custom types and complex built-in types

var ClassFirst = function () {};
var ClassSecond = function () {};
var instance = new ClassFirst();

typeof instance; // object
typeof instance == 'ClassFirst'; // false

instance instanceof Object; // true
instance instanceof ClassFirst; // true
instance instanceof ClassSecond; // false 

/regularexpression/ instanceof RegExp; // true
typeof /regularexpression/; // object

[] instanceof Array; // true
typeof []; //object

{} instanceof Object; // true
typeof {}; // object

Host Object and Native Object

Host Object

Host Objects are created by the environment and are environment-specific. The best-known environment would be a web-browser or could be any other platform.

The host objects created in the web-browser could be the window object or the document.

Typically a browser uses an API to create Host Objects to reflect the Document Object Model or DOM into JavaScript. (Web browser have different JavaScript Engines that do this) A host object is created automatically the moment the page renders in a browser.

Example Window, Document, History, XMLHttpRequest (part of Web API), http, https, url, etc

Native Object

A Native Object is created by the developer using predefined classes of JavaScript. These objects will have fully defined specification rather than by the host environment by

Standard native objects are defined in this specification. Some native objects are built-in; others may be constructed during the execution of an ECMAScript program.

Example Object (constructor), function, Date, Math, parseInt, eval, string methods, array methods, etc

Questions 🤔

What the hell is this 😨#

Remember

1. Simple Function Call#

2. Implicit Binding#

3. new binding / Constructor function#

4. Explicit Binding#

Strict mode use strict and this

5. Arrow function / Lexical environment#

Object#

Shorthand technique to declare an Object#

Technique to deep cloning an object 🧑🏻‍🤝‍🧑🏻#

Object Behavior

🔸 Object.assign#

Remember

🔸 Using third party lib#

Technique to check the existence of object property#

🔸 hasOwnProperty()#

🔸 in operator#

🔸 Comparing with undefined#

Type of Object Properties#

🔸 Data Properties#

🔸 Accessor Properties#

Conventional private property#

🔸 Computed Properties#

Object Property Descriptors#

🔸 [[Value]]#

🔸 [[Get]]#

🔸 [[Set]]#

🔸 [[Writable]]#

🔸 [[Enumerable]]#

🔸 [[Configurable]]#

All six properties do not exist for each property type.#

Why have we wrapped the attribute names in [[]] 🤷🏻

Working with Descriptors 🛠#

🔸 Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors#

🔸 Object.defineProperty#

Protecting an Object 🔐#

🔸 Object.preventExtensions#

🔸 Object.seal#

🔸 Object.freeze#

info

Other Object Methods#

🔸 Object.Keys#

🔸 Object.values#

🔸 Object.is#

🔸 Object.entries#

🔸 Object.isExtensible#

null Propagation Operator / Optional Chaining ?.#

We should use ?. only where it’s ok that something doesn’t exist.

Tips 😉

Null coalescing operator ??#

Things to remember

Operator || to support ??#

The important difference is that:#

typeOf and instanceOf#

🔸 typeOf#

🔸 instanceOf#

Host Object and Native Object#

Host Object#

Native Object#

What the hell is `this` 😨

1. Simple Function Call

2. Implicit Binding

3. `new` binding / Constructor function

4. Explicit Binding

Strict mode `use strict` and `this`

5. Arrow function / Lexical environment

Object

Shorthand technique to declare an Object

Technique to deep cloning an object 🧑🏻‍🤝‍🧑🏻

🔸 Object.assign

🔸 Using third party lib

Technique to check the existence of object property

🔸 hasOwnProperty()

🔸 `in` operator

🔸 Comparing with undefined

Type of Object Properties

🔸 Data Properties

🔸 Accessor Properties

Conventional private property

🔸 Computed Properties

Object Property Descriptors

🔸 [[Value]]

🔸 [[Get]]

🔸 [[Set]]

🔸 [[Writable]]

🔸 [[Enumerable]]

🔸 [[Configurable]]

All six properties do not exist for each property type.

Working with Descriptors 🛠

🔸 Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors

🔸 Object.defineProperty

Protecting an Object 🔐

🔸 Object.preventExtensions

🔸 Object.seal

🔸 Object.freeze

Other Object Methods

🔸 Object.Keys

🔸 Object.values

🔸 Object.is

🔸 Object.entries

🔸 Object.isExtensible

null Propagation Operator / Optional Chaining `?.`

We should use `?.` only where it’s ok that something doesn’t exist.

Null coalescing operator `??`

Operator `||` to support `??`

The important difference is that:

`typeOf` and `instanceOf`

🔸 `typeOf`

🔸 `instanceOf`

Host Object and Native Object

Host Object

Native Object